The physiological significance of mitochondrial cristae is they
a. provide more surface area across which electrons can be transported.
b. provide a histological cue to enable organelle identification.
c. decrease the volume of the matrix, thereby increasing the concentration of its components.
d. decrease the volume of the matrix, allowing cells to economize on the production of its components.
e. None of these.
A
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Membrane potential is related to the uneven distribution of what two positively charged ions?
a. salt and sugar b. calcium and magnesium c. hydrogen and oxygen d. sodium and potassium e. chloride and phosphorus
An electromyogram measures ________
A) electrical activity of motor neuron B) electrical activity of muscle C) tension produced in a muscle
The force of contraction of cardiac muscle is typically increased by:
A. increased Ca++ extrusion by the Na+-Ca++ antiporter in cardiac muscle B. an increase in myosin phosphorylation in cardiac muscle C. a decrease in cytosolic [Ca++] in the cardiac muscle D. ?-adrenergic stimulation of the cardiac muscle E. recruiting more cardiac muscle cells
The release of fluids from the pancreas and liver into the small intestine is controlled by the:
a. pyloric sphincter b. hepatopancreatic sphincter (of Oddi) c. plicae circularis d. cystic sphincter