Which interventions should the nurse plan to help reduce a patient's risk of developing ventilator-associated pneumonia? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply
1. Brush the patient's teeth every 4 hours.
2. Regularly drain any accumulated water from ventilator tubing.
3. Place a nasogastric tube to keep the stomach decompressed.
4. Keep the head of the bed at 30 to 45 degrees.
5. Wash the hands before and after patient contact.
2,4,5
Rationale 1: Tooth brushing should occur twice a day.
Rationale 2: Water condenses in ventilator tubing and can be a reservoir for pathogens. The water should be removed regularly.
Rationale 3: Gastric tubes should not be placed nasally.
Rationale 4: Elevation of the head of the bed helps to reduce aspiration.
Rationale 5: Standard precautions, including hand washing, are effective in reducing infections, including ventilator-associated pneumonia.
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