What federal program supported innovative research on police work and advanced training for police officers during the 1970s?
a. Criminal Justice Institute
b. National Institute of Justice
c. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)
d. Federal Crime Bill
c
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Slave patrols were
A) small groups of slaves selected to secretly watch and report on their fellow slaves. B) groups of former slaves who assisted the Union Army in the Civil War. C) a private activity, mainly by volunteers, to apprehend runaway slaves. D) slaves who kept watch during runaway attempts.
Law enforcement officers are more likely to lose their jobs due to homicides than accidents
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Match each theory or term of neoclassical criminology listed in Column 1 to its description in Column 2
1. Routine activities theory a. One who effectively discourages crime. 2. Justice model b. A perspective that holds that criminality is the result of conscious choice and predicts that individuals choose to commit crime when the benefits outweigh the costs of disobeying the law. 3. Situational crime prevention c. A brand of rational choice theory that views criminal behavior "as a function of choices and decisions made within a context of situational constraints and opportunities." 4. Capable guardian d. A contemporary model of imprisonment in which the principle of just deserts forms the underlying social philosophy. 5. Nothing-works doctrine e. The reduction in criminal opportunity for a particular location, generally through the use of physical barriers, architectural design, and enhanced security measures. 6. Rational choice theory f. A perspective that holds that lifestyles contribute significantly to both the volume and type of crime found in any society. 7. Target hardening g. A brand of rational choice theory that suggests that regular, recurrent, and patterned activities contribute significantly to both the volume and type of crime found in any society. 8. Situational choice theory h. The belief popularized by Robert Martinson in the 1970s that correctional treatment programs have little success in rehabilitating offenders. 9. Lifestyle theory i. An approach that looks to develop greater understanding of crime and more effective crime-prevention strategies through concern with the physical, organizational, and social environments that make crime possible.
The U.S. Supreme Court has held that it is constitutional for states to execute persons under the age of 18
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false