Before Dr. Frank Castle may use punishment as a therapeutic means of eliminating a disruptive behavior, he is required by ethical and legal guidelines to ask himself if ____
a. ?electroconvulsive therapy is the only alternative
b. ?the client’s life is in danger without the treatment
c. ?the benefits of the approach are based on scientific evidence
d. ?the client has the agreed consent of at least one other therapist
ANSWER:
b
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Learning theory explanations for school refusal include all of the following EXCEPT
a. the influence of unconscious desires of the id. b. consequences of staying at home versus going to school. c. the positive reinforcement for staying at home provided by a mother. d. a child seeing another child who became very anxious at school.
When the neuronal membrane is at rest, the sodium channels ____
a. permit sodium ions to pass quickly and easily b. are at equilibrium with potassium channels c. are closed, so there is almost no flow of sodium d. allow sodium to leak out as a steady, continuous drip
Echolalia involves:
a. infants understanding more words than they can say. b. infants speaking words they really don't understand. c. infants repeating syllables. d. none of these.
Ultradian rhythms are:
a. Shorter than circadian rhythms b. Longer than circadian rhythms c. Not biological in nature d. Not experienced by humans