The nurse suspects that a patient is experiencing paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND). What did the nurse assess to make this clinical decision?
Select all that apply.
1. symptoms occurring at night
2. pulmonary congestion
3. improving cardiac reserve
4. voiding more than one time per night
5. daytime peripheral edema
Correct Answer: 1, 2, 4, 5
PND is a condition in which the patient is awakened at night by acute shortness of breath. It occurs when edema fluid that has accumulated during the day is reabsorbed into the circulation at night, causing pulmonary congestion. Nocturia, or voiding more than once a night, is associated with PND. Daytime peripheral edema contributes to the development of PND. PND is often a symptom of chronic heart failure, which is characterized by decreasing cardiac reserve and dependent edema that worsens as the day progresses.
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