According to Pratt et al. (2006), which of the following statements about their review of 40 studies examining the effects of perceived deterrence is not true?
a. multivariate studies suggest that the effects of certainty and severity of punishment are weak to non-existent
b. perceptions of punishment is likely to be a minor cause of criminal involvement
c. legal sanctions might have effects on future crime through non-legal or social costs they evoke
d. bivariate studies substantially underestimated the effects of perceived deterrence
d. bivariate studies substantially underestimated the effects of perceived deterrence
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Social policies based on the eugenics movement emphasized __________ of mentally handicapped women
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
One of the states that has the oldest age of juvenile court jurisdiction over delinquency matters is __________, at age 24.
A. Vermont B. Kansas C. California D. Texas
New mandatory sentencing laws greatly limit the discretion of _____________ with regard to the length of sentences for certain offenses.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
'Gang Free Zones' are within ___ feet of shopping malls, movie theaters, public swimming pools, and video arcades.
a. 100 b. 300 c. 5000 d. 1000