Which of the following cautions suggest that it would be questionable to apply Freud’s theory to a broad, multicultural population?
a) Freud’s theory uses stages to understand behavior.
b) Freud’s subjects were all upper-middle-class Austrians.
c) Freud’s subjects included both males and females.
d) Freud examined childhood, which includes similar universal experiences.
Answer: b
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Karen smokes two packs of cigarettes a day. However, she is aware that smoking is harmful to her health; therefore, she holds two conflicting or dissonant thoughts. If Karen were to reduce her cognitive dissonance by changing her behavior, she might
a. say to herself, "Smoking really is not that dangerous.". b. seek examples of heavy smokers who have lived long lives. c. emphasize the addictive nature of nicotine. d. decide to smoke only when she feels stressed out.
Jason wanted to know how he did on his psychology test. His reference group is most likely
a. the best students in the class. c. the entire class. b. the average of the class. d. his study partner.
At which stage in the scientific process is a research study most likely to be debated by fellow scientists?
A. When generating hypotheses for the study B. When hiring staff to run the study C. When recruiting participants into the study D. When submitting the study’s findings for publication
Which of the following stages best reflects when a child reads, using phonological recoding skills, and what grade(s) is the child most likely attending?
a) Stage 0 – kindergarten b) Stage 1 – first and second grades c) Stage 2 – second and third grades d) Stage 3 – third and fourth grades