Why are such a high percentage of infant botulism cases associated with ingestion of honey?
A. Bees cultivate C. botulinum bacteria within their hives as a food source, so it gets mixed in with the honey.
B. The infant digestive tract is far more susceptible to the effects of botulism toxin (found in the honey in relatively high levels) than the adult digestive tract.
C. The spores of C. botulinum produce a strong endotoxin. This endotoxin has little effect on adults due to their overall size. Infants, however, are significantly smaller (and therefore far more susceptible) than adults.
D.
There can be endospores from C. botulinum in honey. They may germinate in the intestines of infants following consumption of honey, leading to colonization and pathogenesis as the bacteria begin forming botulism toxin. Adults' normal intestinal microbiota will out-compete the new microbes, but very young infants may not yet have this normal flora established.
D.
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Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)
1. In osmosis, water moves from an area of higher to lower solute concentration. 2. If an animal has a concentration of one substance in its body identical to the concentration of that substance in the environment, this will also be the case with all other substances (i.e., if it conforms with one substance, it will conform with all substances). 3. Homeostasis refers to the property of maintaining particular physiological variables such as body temperature and solute concentrations absolutely constant. 4. Positive feedback loops are more common than negative feedback loops in animal physiological function.
Which type of plants will run the C4 cycle during the day and the Calvin-Benson cycle at night? a. C4 b. CAM c. C3 d. None of them run the C4 cycle during the day and the Calvin-Benson cycle at night
e. All of them run the C4 cycle during the day and the Calvin-Benson cycle at night.
Four of the five choices listed below are derived
from the same germ layer. Select the exception. a. lining of intestinal tract b. circulatory system c. liver d. pancreas e. stomach
Cardiac muscle cells are connected by special junctions called intercalated discs. Intercalated discs provide strength between cells of tissues which exhibit high mechanical stress, strong flexible connections between tissue cells, and electrical excitability between the cells. Using this information, which junctions are present in intercalated discs?
A. tight, plasmodesmata, and adherens B. gap, adherens, and desmosomes C. tight, plasmodesmata, and desmosomes D. adherens, tight, and gap E. gap, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes