In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal
The objective is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, those who receive the cigarette without nicotine comprise the ___________ group.
a) control
b) extraneous
c) experimental
d) correlational
ANS: A, A control group gets either no treatment or treatment with no effect; in this case, experimenters are controlling for the possibility that the cigarette itself (not the nicotine) might cause people to get into collisions.
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Cassandra, who has been clean and sober for many years after struggling with alcoholism, no longer has a physical addiction to alcohol. However, whenever she sees her old "drinking buddies," she begins to have cravings for alcohol. Cassandra's experience is an example of
a. insight learning. b. operant conditioning. c. classical conditioning. d. observational learning. e. negative reinforcement.
Hypovolemic thirst occurs when:
a. There has been excessive blood loss b. A salty meal was just consumed c. A large meal was just consumed d. All of the above
Research on tobacco use has found that ______.
A. smoking bans did not reduce how many people smoked and did not reduce death rates due to CVD B. the link between CVD and smoking is the same across cultures C. the risk of CVD is about the same for smokers as for nonsmokers if the nonsmokers ever smoked in the past D. when people quit smoking their C-reactive protein levels also drop
Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration speed are examples of
a. psychophysiological measures. b. circulation system measures. c. physical measures. d. self-report measures.