The nurse is involved as an expert witness in a civil court case where life support was withdrawn and the patient expired. Which level of evidence is expected for this case?
1. Preponderance of evidence
2. Clear and convincing evidence
3. Evidence beyond a reasonable doubt
4. Voir dire evidence
2
Rationale: For most courts, clear and convincing evidence is the highest level of proof that can be applied in a civil case and is generally the standard of proof seen in a withdrawal of life-sustaining measures cases. Preponderance of evidence is based on the probable truth or accuracy of the evidence presented, the evidence remains subjective, and the judge or jury must be persuaded that the facts are more probable one way than another way. Evidence beyond a reasonable doubt is the highest level of evidence and is generally the standard required in criminal cases. Voir dire refers to jury selection, not levels of evidence.
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