A client has been diagnosed with stage 4 pancreatic cancer. The family asks the nurse what staging is. The nurse explains that:
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1. Staging determines the location of the cancer.
2. The involvement of lymph nodes is assessed during staging.
3. Staging changes as the cancer progresses.
4. The lower the stage of cancer at diagnosis, the better the prognosis.
5. Staging examines cancerous cells under a microscope and compares them to normal cells.
Correct Answer: 1,2,4
Rationale 1: Staging does determine the location of the cancer.
Rationale 2: When solid tumors are staged, diagnostic testing also determines the involvement of the lymph nodes.
Rationale 3: Once a cancer is staged, the level does not change even if the cancer progresses.
Rationale 4: Clients with cancer at a lower stage have a better prognosis than those who are diagnosed at a higher stage.
Rationale 5: This describes cancer grading, not cancer staging.
Global Rationale: During the staging of solid tumors, diagnostic testing determines the size of the tumor, whether the tumor has invaded surrounding tissue, the involvement of lymph nodes, and the presence or absence of metastasis. Once a cancer is staged, the level does not change even if the cancer progresses. Clients with cancer at a lower stage have a better prognosis than those who are diagnosed at a higher stage. Comparison of cells occurs in grading, not staging.
You might also like to view...
The nurse is reviewing the medical records of several clients. The nurse integrates knowledge of the drug isoproterenol, understanding that this drug would be contraindicated in a client with which condition? Select all that apply
A) Digitalis toxicity B) Type 2 diabetes C) Ventricular arrhythmias D) Angina pectoris E) Narrow-angle glaucoma
A client is prescribed warfarin. The client also takes a diuretic for the treatment of cardiac problems. The nurse would anticipate which of the following?
A) Decreased effectiveness of the anticoagulant B) Increased effectiveness of the diuretic C) Increased absorption of the anticoagulant D) Increased absorption of the diuretic
Based on Piaget's work, Kohlberg developed a theory of moral development. According to Kohlberg's theory, each of the levels builds on the one prior with what?
A) A chance to go back and rework the prior level B) A chance to be successful at prior levels C) A more complex view of a moral issue D) A less complex view of a moral issue
The nurse is providing teaching to a client who is scheduled for a mammogram. Which of the following would the nurse include as a way to avoid artifacts on the x-ray film?
A) "Don't wear any jewelry around your neck on the day of the test." B) "Avoid using a deodorant with aluminum hydroxide." C) "Make sure not to eat or drink for 4 hours before the test." D) "Drink at least 1 quart of water 45 minutes to 1 hour before the test."