Describe the dynamic systems theory and ecological theory of motor development.
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should include:
1. Dynamic systems theory involves the interaction of four major aspects of development: brain maturation, changes in body movement capacities, changes in the child's goals, and changes in environmental supports for the child.
2. According to dynamic systems theory, motor skills are self-organizing, meaning that they emerge out of the interaction of these four components over time rather than as a result of the maturation of an innate motor program in the brain.
3. Motor skills are also dynamic in that they adapt to the situation at hand, in a process called soft assembly. For example, babies change the position of the torso and legs when walking on flat versus tilted surfaces.
4. The ecological theory proposes that motor skills involve the integration of action and perception, such as when a sitting baby detects body sway and corrects for it using muscles of the back and stomach.
5. According to ecological theory, the environment provides information in the form of affordances, which are environmental opportunities for action. For example, objects afford opportunities to grasp and manipulate them.
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