What are the vulnerability factors for depression?
What will be an ideal response?
As we discussed in Chapter 5, individuals with severe or chronic medical conditions (e.g., myocardial infarction) are more likely to experience depression and some of these persons will develop major depression disorder (estimates range from 20% to 25%) (American Psychological Association, 2000). Low self-esteem is also a vulnerability factor for depression. As Brown (1998, p. 234) remarks, "low self-esteem puts people at risk for developing depression when a negative life event occurs.". Orth, Robins, and Meir (2009) concluded, based on assessments of data collected from three longitudinal studies that even under low stress conditions low self-esteem is a vulnerability factor to depression.
Engaging in ruminative thinking about one's depression, defined as "a repetitive form of thinking, in which one repeatedly and in an abstract-evaluative way ponders about oneself, and about the possible causes, meaning, and implications of one's sad and depressed feelings" is also a vulnerability factor for prolonging and deepening depressed moods as well as predicting "the maintenance of clinical depression and the onset of new episodes of depression" (Raes, 2010, p. 758).
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Which of the following psychologists first referred to successful human factors engineering as natural design, because it is based on perceptual signals that people understand naturally, without needing to learn them?
a. Donald Norman b. Leon Festinger c. Douglas McGregor d. Stanley Milgram
Daniel woke up this morning and felt as if his room, clothing, and surroundings were not familiar. What is he experiencing?
a) déjà vu b) paramnesia c) jamais vu d) cryptoamnesia
According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are determined in part by our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior, our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior, and ________
A) our attitudes toward a particular behavior B) others' perceptions of our motivation for engaging in the particular behavior C) others' perceptions of whether we have the ability to perform the behavior adequately D) our perceptions of whether the behavior will be instrumental in achieving our stated objectives E) our perceptions of whether the behavior is considered appropriate for our situation
Marion and her husband Bill are trying to bring up their children, a boy and a girl ages 4 and 5 respectively
in exactly the same way: encouraging their son to demonstrate both assertiveness as well as tenderness, and encouraging their daughter to exhibit both independence and empathy. According to the researcher Sandra Bem, these parents are encouraging their children toward a) gender constancy. b) gender schema. c) androgynous characteristics. d) gender identification.