Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)

1. Edwin Sutherland’s first proposition suggests that deviant behavior is learned and also the result of some biological trait.
2. Edwin Sutherland stated that conventional theories about crime and criminality are valid because they explain only the crimes of the lower class.
3. Differential association and social learning theories primarily account for biological dispositions to deviance.
4. Today, even those interested in biological predictors of crime and deviance do not argue that behavior is inherited, but rather they say that there may be predispositions that make some folks more likely to engage in behavior.
5. According to Ronald Akers, the notion behind operant conditioning is that learning is enhanced by both social and nonsocial reinforcement.


1. False
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True

Criminal Justice

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In some agencies, an alternative number for citizens to call to report non-emergency police matters has been established. Commonly, that number is:

A) 4-1-1 B) 6-1-1 C) 2-1-1 D) 3-1-1

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The three-pronged approach to community policing include:

a. prayer, solutions, and cooperation. b. partnerships, problem solving, and organization transformation. c. police agencies, socialism, and psychological construct. d. acceptance of authority, conventional values, and concern for power.

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The superego is concerned with

a. morality b. maturity c. compulsiveness d. reaction

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Which of the following is not a part of the simple systems model of evaluation research?

a. Inputs b. Outputs c. Outcomes d. Shareholders

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