Does spanking have a negative effect on child development? Explain the arguments and evidence on both sides of the debate about spanking.
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should include:
1. Physical punishment in early childhood is associated with negative outcomes including higher aggression and antisocial behavior, reduced quality of parent-child relationships, and higher levels of child mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse.
2. The contrary view is that these negative effects are mainly seen in cases of severe spanking, and milder spanking produces outcomes similar to other discipline methods such as verbal reminders and time-outs.
3. For groups in which spanking is a cultural norm, such as many Asian American and African American families, spanking is not associated with outcomes as negative as those observed among European American samples.
4. However, harsh punishment, particularly where it is perceived by the child as harsh, is associated with child behavior problems in every culture studied.
5. Longitudinal evidence shows that spanking contributes to future behavioral problems, rather than reducing them.
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