What are the various social development perspectives discussed in this chapter? Describe each
What will be an ideal response?
• The life course perspective focuses on studying the dimensions of criminal offending over the entire life course and recognizes that criminal careers may develop as the result of various criminogenic influences affecting individuals over the course of their lives.
• Laub and Sampson's age-graded theory suggests that delinquency is more likely to occur when an individual's social bonds are weak or broken, and that social ties embedded in adult transitions explain variations in crime that is not accounted for by childhood deviance.
• Moffitt's dual taxonomic theory helps to explain why most antisocial children do not become adult criminals, but identifyies two separate criminal pathways for teenagers.
• Farrington's delinquent development theory focuses on the desistance phenomenon, and tries to explain why some offenders persist in crime while others desist.
• Evolutionary ecology draws attention to the way people develop over the course of their lives, attempting to explain how people acquire criminality, when and why they express it as crime, how individuals and groups respond to those crimes, and how these phenomena interact as a dynamic self-reinforcing system that evolves over time.
• Thornberry's interactional theory bends social control and social learning perspectives, suggesting that the fundamental cause of delinquency is a weakening of a person's bond to conventional society combined with the presence of an environment in which delinquency can be learned and in which rule-violating behavior can be positively rewarded.
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Recidivists generally tend to have lengthy records of convictions
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Materialized risk can:
a. Decrease the cost of doing business. b. Decrease insurance premiums. c. Create criminal liability. d. Limit civil liability. e. All of the above.
Many judges say that sentencing is the most difficult part of the job.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
Even though a technician is used to photograph the crime scene the actual picture-taking must be directed by
a. the chief of detectives. b. the community-relations officer. c. the officer in charge of the investigation. d. the juvenile officer.