Probation is believed to have begun in America by:
A) John Augustus.
B) William Penn.
C) Rufus Cook.
D) Jeremy Bentham.
Answer: A
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Which of the following key deontological concepts refers to the idea that criminal punishment should "fit the crime"?
a. Retribution b. Desert c. Proportionality d. Recidivism
The two primary ways for a case to reach the Supreme Court are:
a. Original jurisdiction and writ of certiorari b. Original jurisdiction and collateral attack c. Supervisory authority and appellate authority d. Original jurisdiction and supervisory authority.
Which of the following is described as an analytic framework used by police to identify problems that require multiple calls for help?
A) Community policing B) Problem-oriented policing C) Community prosecution D) Community justice
In a prosecution for grand theft of the first or second degree the state must prove the value of the goods stolen. Which of the following are relevant in determining value?
a. the original cost of the goods b. the manner in which the goods have been used c. the condition of the goods d. All of these