Explain how industrialization and urbanization motivated the emergence of sociology, the systematic study of society
What will be an ideal response?
Massive economic, technological, and social changes occurred as machine technology
and the factory system shifted the economic base from agriculture to manufacturing. A
new social class of industrialists emerged in textiles, iron smelting, and related
industries. Many people who had labored on the land were forced to leave their tightly
knit rural communities and sacrifice well-defined social relationships to seek
employment as factory workers in the emerging cities, which became the centers of
industrial work. The development of the factory system led to a rapid increase in both
the number of cities and the size of the population. People from very diverse
backgrounds worked together in the same factory. At the same time, many people
shifted from being producers to being consumers. These living and working conditions
led to the development of new social problems: inadequate housing, crowding,
unsanitary conditions, poverty, pollution, and crime. Wages were so low that entire
families—including very young children—were forced to work, often under hazardous
conditions and with no job security. As these conditions became more visible, a new
breed of social thinkers turned its attention to trying to understand why and how society
was changing.
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Which of the following is true about minority professionals?
a. The number of minority doctors and lawyers has increased dramatically in the last few years b. There is a serious shortage of minority doctors and lawyers in this country c. The number of minority doctors and lawyers is representative of the minority population in the United States d. There are more minority doctors and lawyers than is representative of the minority population in the United States
Tax reductions for mortgage interest payments, tax-free investments, and municipal bond investments reflect policies that favor __________
a. the foreign manufacturer who imports to, or invests in, the United States b. the wealthy more than the middle class and the poor c. consumers of all social classes d. small businesses more than larger businesses e. farmers more than those in manufacturing and services
Which of the following statements is true of cultural and structural differences in family support by race and ethnicity?
A. Hispanic women are more likely to rely on families for caretaking for children than white women. B. Black women tend to feel more estranged from their families than white women. C. White women are more likely to rely on families for caretaking for children than black women. D. Hispanic women tend to feel more estranged from their families than white women.
The most negative transition to retirement is experienced by:
A. unmarried people. B. unhealthy people. C. involuntary retirees. D. poor people.