What were the major criticisms of Levels of Processing theory?
a. The data did not support the majority of its predictions outside the laboratory setting.
b. It was counterintuitive and incompatible with the majority view that information processing is a linear sequence of transformations between input and output.
c. Any result could be explained 'after-the-fact' by saying, "So, they must have used different levels of processing" without independently measuring the levels of processing the subjects actually used.
d. It did not lend itself to computer simulations, and so it could not be independently verified.
C
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