The nurse knows that cold therapy is contraindicated in the following conditions: (Select all that apply.)
a. Edema
b. Shivering
c. Bleeding
d. Circulatory issues
ANS: A, B, D
Cold should not be used if any of the following is present: edema (cold application slows reabsorption of the fluid), circulatory pathophysiology (cold application causes vasoconstriction, further reducing circulation to the area), and shivering (this is a comfort concern). Bleeding is contraindicated in heat therapy.
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