Describe the characteristics of persons fixated at the oral, anal, and phallic stages; and what situations cause fixations to develop, according to Freud
What will be an ideal response?
Answer will include that fixations occur when a child does not pass successfully through a psychosexual stage, either because they were indulged or frustrated during their development. Fixation early in the oral stage produces an oral-dependent personality. Oral dependent person are gullible (they swallow things easily), are passive, and need lots of attention (they want to be mothered and showered with gifts). Frustration later in the oral stage may cause aggression, often in the form of "biting" personality. Fixations here create cynical, oral-aggressive adults who exploit others. They also like to argue ("biting sarcasm"). Harsh or lenient toilet training can cause anal retentive and anal expulsive, respectively. Freud described the anal-retentive (holding-on) personality as obstinate, stingy, orderly, and compulsively clean. The anal-expulsive (letting-go) personality is disorderly, destructive, cruel, or messy. Adult traits of the phallic personality are vanity, exhibitionism, sensitive pride, and narcissism (self-love). These develop between ages three and six as the child deals with increasing sexual interest.
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Schachter’s studies of affiliation indicate that people join groups to acquire accurate information. Recent evidence also suggests that people prefer information that
a. is based on an authority’s opinion. b. is simple rather than complex. c. disconfirms their existing beliefs. d. is positive and reassuring. e. is complex rather than simple.
Telling a young child that death is like "going to sleep" is
a. a good way to protect him or her from the brutality of death. b. a good way to help him or her understand that death happens to everyone. c. likely to contribute to his or her misconception that death is a temporary state. d. likely to lead to a more mature conception of why people die.
The first major task in caring for a low-birth-weight baby is
a. to keep the infant asleep as much as possible. b. to stimulate the infant as much as possible. c. to feed the infant more often than a normal baby would require. d. to maintain the infant's physiological stability.
The processes in which children acquire new words at such a speed that they cannot be considering all meanings for the new word is called
A. telegraphic speech. B. quick time. C. habituation D. fast mapping.