Toll-like receptors and other receptors are potent activators of various components of the innate immune system. All of the following proteins are expressed in response to signaling by these receptors EXCEPT:
A. Interleukin-12
B. E-selectin
C. Tumor necrosis factor
D. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
E. CD28
ANS: E. CD28, the activating receptor for B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules, is constitutively expressed on the surface of many T cells and is not induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. TLR signaling does induce expression of B7-1 and B7-2 on antigen-presenting cells. Other genes expressed in response to TLR signaling encode proteins important in many different components of innate immune responses. These include inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-12; endothelial adhesion molecules such as E-selectin; and proteins involved in microbial killing mechanisms, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The specific genes expressed depend on the cell type of the responding cell.
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