Compare the independence movements of Hungary and Poland in terms of their respective success and failure
What will be an ideal response?
Calls for national unification were present in many areas after 1848, including Hungary's demand for national recognition separate from the Habsburg empire. Nationalism was a contributing sentiment all over Europe, but in Hungary, Lájos Kossuth led a revolutionary group against the Austrian imperial rule and demanded a Hungarian parliament. Austria was at first fairly tolerant, but as Hungary demanded further symbols of its own national identity, such as its own currency and its own army, the Austrian emperor sent in troops and initiated a war between Austria and Hungary. Russian forces assisted the Austrians and temporarily subdued the Hungarians, but in 1867, an agreement was reached (The Compromise of 1867) which allowed the Hungarians domestic autonomy within the larger entity of the Habsburg territory, thus in 1867 becoming Austria-Hungary (or, more properly, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as the same demands for autonomy were denied in other parts of the empire). Hungary had its own parliament, spoke Hungarian language, and compelled non-Hungarians to use Hungarian languages (Magyar) in schools and government offices. Poland, however, was a unique case, as it had been an independent nation until the partitioning by Russia and Prussia in the late eighteenth century. Briefly resurrected under Napoleon as the Duchy of Warsaw, it was subsequently dissolved again. However, Poland had a long, rich national and cultural history to draw upon, as well as strong Polish nobility, as had the Hungarians. Poles attempted a rebellion against Russia in 1863 which failed badly, and many of the leaders of the Polish national movement were arrested, exiled to Siberia, and had their properties seized. Schools and government offices were required to use Russian as the predominant language. Poles were excluded from government offices, and there was strict censorship. Polish intellectuals, known as the Warsaw Positivists, argued that maintaining a strong, cultural Polish identification was more important than political or national independence. At the end of the 1890s, the Polish national Democrats, led by Roman Dmowsky appealed to nationalism via invocation of anti-Semitism in Poland, which helped to promote an anti-Russian and anti-Prussian movement.
You might also like to view...
During the depression of the late 1830s, the
A) prices of flour, pork, and coal were cut in half. B) slave population of the northern states revolted. C) trade union movement steadily grew stronger. D) wages of workers fell by 30 to 50 percent within two years.
Which of these is NOT a true statement about life expectancy for the earliest Chesapeake settlers?
a. It was ten years shorter for these Chesapeake colonists than it had been in England. b. Many of the early male settlers died soon after arriving in the Chesapeake. c. Half of those born in early Virginia and Maryland did not live past age twenty. d. The population grew rapidly due to new male immigrants. e. Half of the male settlers made it to age 50; half the female settlers to age 40.
Until the thirteenth century, the literate were predominately which class of society?
A) Royalty only B) The knight class C) Members of the elite D) Members of the clergy E) The papacy and cardinals
Composers such as Stravinsky and Hindemith
A) reflected the nagging insecurity of the period by adopting atonal styles. B) dedicated themselves to popular music such as film scores. C) adopted neoclassicism. D) continued the romantic tradition of Tchaikovsky and Brahms. E) retreated from their earlier stance as modern avant-garde artists.