Experiment 1 in Figure Q8-21 is the positive control, demonstrating that the region of DNA upstream of the gene for GFP results in a pattern of expression that we normally find for the LKP1 gene. Experiment 2 shows what happens when the sites for binding factors X, Y, and Z are removed. Which experiment above demonstrates that factor X alone is sufficient for expression of LPK1 in the kidney?
(a) experiment 3
(b) experiment 5
(c) experiment 6
(d) experiment 7
Answer: (a) experiment 3
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Sputum from a patient with a history of tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria is collected and sent to the microbiology lab for analysis. X-ray analysis and an acid-fast smear made from the sputum indicate that the patient has active tuberculosis. The physician has requested that the sputum be analyzed for pathogen load, but because colonies of Mycobacterium typically take between 3 to 8 weeks to appear on agar, results from traditional culture methods are often delayed. If you were the microbiologist in this case, what would you do?
A. Using the sputum, apply end-point PCR with primers to Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA to estimate the pathogen load, then follow up with a traditional culture. B. Set up a traditional culture on the sputum, then use the colonies for real-time PCR with primers to Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA to quantify the pathogen load. C. Set up a traditional culture on the sputum, then use the colonies for end-point PCR with primers to Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA to quantify the pathogen load. D. Using the sputum, apply real-time PCR with primers to Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA to estimate the pathogen load, then follow up with a traditional culture.
Proteinacious projections from the surface of a bacterium that are used to mediate conjugation are called sex ________, whereas projections that mediate attachment to surfaces such as host cells are called ________.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Enzymes speed up a chemical reaction by ____
a. lowering the activation energy b. lowering the optimal pH c. increasing the reaction temperature d. increasing the energy in the system e. increasing the activation energy
Which of the following describe source-sink metapopulations?
_____ Sink populations near source populations are less likely to go extinct. _____ Sink populations without access to immigrants from source populations are less likely to go extinct. _____ Source populations usually occupy better habitats. _____ Source populations are less likely to go extinct. _____ The emigration rate from source populations exceeds that from sink populations.