_______________ are unpleasant stimuli that are removed when a desired behavior occurs.
a. Positive reinforcers
b. Negative reinforcers
c. Positive punishment
d. Negative punishment
b. Negative reinforcers
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________ policing is a framework to advance various strategies, such as community and problem-oriented policing
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
Which of the following is NOT an element of police abuse of authority?
A. Officers may physically abuse others through the use of excessive force. B. Officers may psychologically abuse citizens through the use of verbal assault, harassment, or ridicule. C. Officers may violate a citizen's constitutional, federal, or state rights. D. All of the above are elements.
Economist Steven Levitt concludes that each person put behind prison bars results in a decrease of ___ serious crimes per year
a. 5 c. 15 b. 10 d. 20
One of the consequences of the criminal justice law of thermodynamics is that
a. the deterrent effect will be enhanced b. the intent of justice system reforms may be undercut c. the courtroom work group's going rate will be impotent d. it shifts the power from the courtroom work group to policy makers