Describe four ways in which vertebrate gills and lungs are similar
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: The purpose of both gills and lungs is to provide a place for gas exchange. Many of the factors listed here can be elucidated from the equation for diffusion rate given on page 415. For example, gills and lungs are similar in that they both provide a thin barrier in order to reduce the diffusion distance. They have a high surface area to supply more physical space for diffusion. They must remain moist so that respiratory gases can dissolve. Both types of respiratory surface are ventilated to reduce the development of a boundary layer. Also, for both lungs and gills, a circulatory system allows oxygen from the respiratory surface to be transported across long distances by bulk flow.
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MHC class I molecules present peptide fragments that are either "self" or "nonself"; in either case, the fragment becomes bound to the molecule while
A. in the Golgi apparatus. B. in the cytosol. C. in a secretory vesicle. D. in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
The fibers in ________ connective tissue form an interwoven meshwork that does not show any consistent pattern, but maintains tensile strength in all directions.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Which statement regarding sodium reabsorption is not accurate?
a. It plays a role in glucose, amino acid, and urea reabsorption in the proximal tubule. b. It is under hormonal control in the distal tubule. c. In the loop of Henle, it contributes to the formation of concentrated urine. d. Approximately 0.5% of sodium in the filtrate is reabsorbed on a daily basis. e. Aldosterone is a key hormone involved in its reabsorption.
Which are characteristics of mitochondria? Choose all that apply.
A. They produce proteins. B. They use oxygen; they are the reason why humans breathe. C. They produce ATP. D. Cellular respiration occurs here.