What are the principal reasons why any nonparametric test of causality was used instead of a parametric one? (Select all that apply.)
a. The assumptions for parametric analyses were not achieved.
b. The effect that the interventional conditions produced was not measurable.
c. The data were not normally distributed.
d. The dependent variable was measured at the ordinal level.
e. The results were not statistically significant.
ANS: A, C, D
If the assumptions for parametric analyses are not achieved or if study data are at the ordinal level, then the nonparametric analyses of Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, and Kruskal-Wallis H are appropriate techniques to use to test the researcher hypotheses. T-tests and ANOVA assume a normal distribution and measurement of the dependent variable at the interval/ratio level.
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