Describe how second messenger system amplification occurs
What will be an ideal response?
Second messenger cascades can produce an amplified signal because many of the steps within the cascade can produce an amplified signal, which in turn produces a larger response in the subsequent step. In this way the original signal can be amplified significantly by the end of the process. For example, the binding of one first messenger to a surface receptor can activate multiple adenylyl cyclases, each of which can produce multiple cAMP molecules. The original signal of one first messenger has been amplified significantly in two steps. Amplification can occur in other steps so that the original signal can be amplified millions of times.
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Define organs
What will be an ideal response?
The formation of endodermal and epidermal germ layers occurs at ________
A) gastrulation B) fertilization C) cleavage D) blastula formation
What statement best describes the function of pyrogens?
A) Pyrogens increase secretion of thymosin. B) Pyrogens are potent vasodilators. C) Pyrogens interfere with the ability of bacteria or viruses to infect other cells. D) Pyrogens cause the hypothalamic thermostat to reset to a higher range.
When Harry stepped on a nail, inflammation and infection were severe, but localized. Which of the following functions serves to wall off or isolate the injured area to the greatest degree?
A. increased temperature B. coagulation of plasma proteins C. loss of function D. swelling E. vasodilation