What are the biological and modifiable risk factors for developing osteoporosis?
Biological factors:
• Sex: Women at greater risk due to low estrogen levels after menopause and overall smaller body size
• Age: Bone loss increases with age, especially in women
• Body size: Small people have lower peak bone mass; BMI < 19 kg/m2 are at increased risk
• Ethnicity: Northern European or Asian descent are at greatest risk
Lifestyle factors:
• Smoking: Smoking increases risk
• Some medications: Thyroid medications, diuretics, corticosteroids increase risk
• Low circulating estrogen concentration: Low estrogen levels increase risk
• History of eating disorder: Low body fat leads to low estrogen levels and poor dietary intake increases risk
• Alcohol consumption: Chronic alcoholism increases risk
• Physical inactivity: Lack of weight-bearing exercise increases risk
• Nutritional factors: Poor diet lacking in nutrients needed for healthy bones increases risk
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A. times when the body stores of glycogen and glucose are adequate B. brief sessions of high-intensity exercise C. the latter stage of prolonged endurance exercise, when protein could contribute up to 15 percent of the total energy cost D. strenuous weight training and accounts for up to 15 percent of the total energy cost
Jill finds out that she has soft water at her new house. This means that
a. her soap will lather better. b. she will have a ring of mineral deposits on her bathtub. c. crystals will form inside her teakettle. d. her clothes won't get as clean. e. All of the above are correct.
Proposed treatments for AD include all of the following except:
a. neurotransmitters. b. cholinesterase inhibitors. c. NMDA receptor antagonists. d. vitamin E (in early stages).
If intake of a nutrient is between the EAR and the RDA, then it:
a. could be reduced. b. should probably be increased. c. is adequate. d. is more than adequate.