John Protzko, Joshua Aronson, and Clancy Blair (2013) published the results of an analysis of over 74 interventions involving more than 37,000 children. The analysis provided strong evidence for four environmental interventions that affect childhood intelligence quotient (IQ). Describe the four environmental interventions.
What will be an ideal response?
The first intervention is dietary supplements. One type of dietary supplement that has been found to positively influence childhood IQ is long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, commonly referred to as Omega-3 fatty acids. These acids are found in breast milk, fish oil, salmon, walnuts, spinach, and avocados.
The second one is educational interventions. Research shows that early childhood education can improve the IQ of economically disadvantaged young children: Early educational interventions, especially those that involved training on complex tasks, led to an increase in IQ of more than 4 points.
The third one is interactive reading. Interactive reading means that parents ask open-ended questions, encourage the child to read, and engage with the child actively about what they are reading together.
The fourth one is preschool. Sending a child to preschool increased IQ by more than 4 points. Socioeconomic status played an important role in these results. Preschool curricula including a language-development component were especially effective.
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When individuals in powerful positions were compared to individuals in less powerful positions in likelihood of stereotyping, Fiske (1993) found:
a. neither group relied on stereotypes. b. individuals in positions of power were more likely to stereotype people in less powerful positions, than were the less powerful likely to stereotype powerful individuals. c. compared to less powerful individuals, those in positions of power were less likely to stereotype. d. both groups were equally likely to stereotype the other group.
Within-subjects designs are also called
a. crossed designs. b. nested designs. c. counterbalanced designs. d. matched designs.
When workers down the street began using a jackhammer, a dog in the surrounding area reacted with fright at the unusual noise. An hour later, however, it was fast asleep, though the noise level remained the same. This is an example of
A) ?dishabituation. B) ?disinhibition. C) ?habituation. D) ?sensitization.
You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework. The phone rings. Your mother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after being hit by a car
Three months later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example, the unconditional response is a. the voice of your mother as she relays the bad news. b. listening to the song. c. your feeling about the song prior to the phone call. d. your feeling about your uncle before he died. e. feeling sad when your mother calls with the bad news.