Bill conducted an experiment to determine the effectiveness of a drug prevention program in high school. This group was compared to students at another high school that did not take part in the program. The students were given an exam before and after taking part in the program. As the students completed the posttest, many realized that it was the same test they took before the program and put in
random answers, as teenagers would. This is a case of what invalidity problem?
a. history
b. maturation
c. instrumentation
d. testing
e. mortality
D
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