Many youth gangs evolved significantly during the 1980s and 1990s into hybrid gangs
a. true
b. false
a, true
Criminal Justice
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Elaboration is the process of controlling a two-variable cross-tabulation for additional variables
a. True b. False
Criminal Justice
Multiple pretest and posttest measures are valuable in before-and-after designs because they decrease the possibility of internal invalidity due to ______.
A. selection B. external events C. compensation D. interaction of testing and treatment
Criminal Justice
___________ is a crime control policy suggesting that punishment should be severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to repeat their criminal activity
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
Criminal Justice
Environmental protection laws are limited to civil, as opposed to criminal, procedures and penalties
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Criminal Justice