What are age-related changes in the older adult that make them at risk for respiratory diseases? (Select all that apply.)
a. Moist mucous membranes
b. Kyphosis
c. Decrease in pulmonary blood flow
d. Stasis pooling of secretions
e. Reduced number of cilia
ANS: B, C, D, E
Age-related changes that affect the respiratory system are dryer mucous membranes, which reduce ability to humidify inspired air, kyphosis, which restricts the expansion of the lung, stasis pooling of respiratory secretions, and reduced number of cilia, which make infection of the upper and lower airway more likely.
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