Which of the following statements best describes the effects of positive-pressure ventilation on cardiac output?
a. Positive-pressure ventilation increases intrathoracic pressure, which increases venous return and cardiac output.
b. Positive-pressure ventilation decreases venous return, which increases preload and cardiac output.
c. Positive-pressure ventilation increases venous return, which decreases preload and cardiac output.
d. Positive-pressure ventilation increases intrathoracic pressure, which decreases venous return and cardiac output.
D
Positive-pressure ventilation increases intrathoracic pressure, which decreases venous return to the right side of the heart. Impaired venous return decreases preload, which results in a decrease in cardiac output.
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