In the phospholipase C signal transduction pathway, which are second messengers?
a. phospholipase C and G protein
b. PIP2 and IP3
c. cAMP and IP3
d. phospholipase C and protein kinase A
e. IP3 and DAG
E
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Briefly describe how a phagocyte engulfs and ingests a pathogen
What will be an ideal response?
Sodium ions are single atoms. Why can't they simply diffuse through the cell membrane's lipid bilayer?
A. Since they are charged, ions can't cross the hydrophobic center of the membrane without a channel or pump. B. Sodium ions are covalently attached in groups of three, which are too large to diffuse easily. C. Ions do traverse the membrane easily, but the sodium-potassium pump moves them back across. D. Chelator proteins capture any ions that start to cross the bilayer.
Folds of the stomach wall are called rugae. Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Evolutionary biologists studying the evolution of lizard horn length found _________.
A. that lizard horn length evolved as a defense mechanism against predators B. that the tools of the molecular biologist could not be applied in a study of lizard horn length C. lizards shedding their horns D. no particular advantage to longer horns