The original quotation in the fictional text by Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe (2009) is as follows:
"Because of overemphasis on academic excellence, especially test grades, the high schools studied had a disproportionate number of students who reported sleeplessness, nervousness, nightmares, and guilt. These were attributed to various factors, the most significant of which was a very strict principal, who voiced open disapproval of students she felt were underachieving their enormous academic potential. Parents were very accepting of this behavior, echoing it in their interactions with the students."
What is the acceptable way to properly attribute this content in a literature review?
a. Parents were very accepting of the principal's behavior, which included voiced disapproval of underachieving students, echoing it in their interactions with their sons and daughters.
b. Because of overemphasis on academic excellence, especially test grades, the high schools studied had a disproportionate number of students who reported sleeplessness, nervousness, nightmares, and guilt. These were attributed to various factors, the most significant of which was a very strict principal, who voiced open disapproval of students she felt were underachieving their enormous academic potential. Parents were very accepting of this behavior, echoing it in their interactions with the students. (Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe, 2009).
c. As compared with other high schools, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe (2009) reported a higher incidence of distress manifestations, such as nightmares and nervousness, in a strictly college-prep school with an extremely disapproving principal, who verbally berated students for less-than-expected academic performance.
d. High schools with disapproving authority figures have a higher incidence of somatization (see Atchison et al, 2009).
ANS: C
Rather than using direct quotes from an author, the writer of the literature review should paraphrase the author's ideas. Use of the author's exact words represents plagiarism. Eliminating the quotation marks, and citing an entire paragraph, with the authors' names at the end, also constitutes plagiarism. Paraphrasing involves expressing the ideas clearly and in one's own words. The meanings of these sources are then connected to the proposed study.
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