Outline the metabolic changes that occur during starvation/inadequate nutritional intake (not related to disease) that could result in weight loss
What will be an ideal response?
• inadequate nutrient supply
• decrease in basal metabolic rate to conserve energy (decreased thyroid function leads to decreased BMR)
• liver glycogen stores used up in first 12-24 hours (glycogenolysis)
• energy from fat storage (lipolysis) provides >90% of kcal (ketones as primary energy source)
• energy from protein/lean mass provides <10% of kcal for gluconeogenesis to provide glucose for obligate users (brain)
• increased need for alanine and glutamine (from muscle) to stimulate gluconeogenesis
• protein losses significant during first 7-10 days (1-2 kg lean body mass lost over first 7 days; skeletal muscle catabolized, muscle synthesis decreased)
• organ function changes in GI tract result in loss of mass, decreases in villi, decreased enzyme secretion, impaired motility, and bacterial overgrowth, which lead to maldigestion and malabsorption
• decreased protein synthesis in liver
• muscle function decreases; breakdown of intercostal muscles can lead to decreased respiratory function; breakdown of cardiac muscle can lead to hypotension, bradycardia, and decreased cardiac output
• immune function decreases to spare protein
• decreased growth
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A) hydrogenation. B) pressurization. C) emulsification. D) deamination.
Approximately half of all cancers are strongly hereditary
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Which of the following statements is true of the secondary structure of a protein?
A) It occurs when two or more polypeptide chains join together. B) It involves the folding of the polypeptide into an organized and predictable pattern. C) It is determined by the genetic code embedded in the strands of the DNA. D) It determines the protein's most basic chemical and physical characteristics.
Angiotensin II stimulates the release of _____, which stimulates the kidneys to retain Na+
a. ADH b. aldosterone c. angiostensin I d. ANP