Transmitter substances may be described as all of the following EXCEPT
a. include acetylcholine.
b. change the permeability of postsynaptic cells.
c. may be excitatory or inhibitory.
d. may participate in synaptic integration.
e. ions.
E
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This figure shows the structure of a single domain from the S. aureus ?-hemolysin. Considering that this hemolysin creates a pore within cell membranes, one could predict:
A. hydrophobic residues would be found equally on both sides of the ? sheets. B. hydrophilic residues would be found equally on both sides of the ? sheets. C. hydrophilic residues would predominate on the interior of the pore structure. D. hydrophobic residues would predominate on the interior of the pore structure. E. hydrophilic residues would predominate on the exterior of the pore structure.
________ microbiology involves the use of microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics, vaccines, steroids, alcohols, vitamins, amino acids, and enzymes.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
If you applied a toxin that blocked non-voltage-gated potassium channels (i.e., the potassium "leak channels") in a resting neuron, it would cause the membrane potential to be
A. No change would be observed. B. less negative. C. more negative.
Radioactive isotopes of various elements can be used to label molecules for use in studies of metabolic pathways. For example, 14C is a radioactive isotope of carbon and naturally occurs at much lower rates than non-radioactive 12C (i.e. most molecules
contain 12C carbon atoms). A cell can be fed a nutrient molecule labeled with the radioactive isotope and scientists can detect where the radioactive isotope ends up. For each of the following scenarios, trace the radioactive isotope to where it ultimately would end up after moving through the cellular respiration, fermentation, or biosynthetic pathways. Only consider these metabolic pathways; do not consider any other cellular processes. A. E. coli is fed 14C-labeled glucose and grown under aerobic conditions. B. E. coli is fed 14C-labeled glucose and grown under anaerobic conditions (fermentation). C. E. coli is fed 14C-labeled fatty acids and grown under aerobic conditions. D. E. coli is fed 14C-labeled acetyl CoA and grown under conditions that promote biosynthetic pathways. What will be an ideal response?