How does the urinary system contribute to osteoporosis?
A. Calcium ions released from the bones are excreted as part of urine.
B. Excessive smoking lowers calcitriol levels, which decreases bone loss.
C. Decreased estrogen levels following menopause contribute to the disease.
D. Lack of exposure to sunlight increases vitamin D production at the kidneys and decreases calcium absorption.
E. Immune cells of the kidneys absorb excess calcium under the direction of PTH.
Answer: A
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