The student welfare office was interested in trying to enhance students’ exam performance by investigating the effects of various interventions. They took five groups of students before their Research Methods II (RMII) exams and gave them one of five interventions: a control group just sat in a room contemplating the task ahead; the second group had a yoga class to relax them; the third was told they would get monetary rewards contingent upon the grade they received in the exam; the fourth was given beta?blockers to calm their nerves; and the fifth was encouraged to sit around winding each other up about how much revision they had/hadn’t done (a bit like what usually happens). The final percentage obtained in the exam was the dependent variable. The student welfare office made four

predictions: (1) all interventions should be different than the control; (2) yoga, bribery and beta?blockers should lead to higher exam scores than panic; (3) yoga and bribery should have different effects than the beta?blocker drugs; and (4) yoga and bribery should also differ. Which of the following planned contrasts (with the appropriate group codings) are correct to test these hypotheses?



a.



b.



c.



d.


c.

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