______ refers to the notion that one will receive a particular punishment, and it is the most important element of punishment, according to Beccaria.

a. Certainty
b. Swiftness
c. Severity
d. Swiftness


a. Certainty

Criminal Justice

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Which of the following is a sampling that purists say is a nonprobability sample because various patterns may exist in a list that would destroy its representativeness?

a. systematic samples b. multistage sampling c. cluster sampling d. stratified random samples

Criminal Justice

Which is not one of the 8 priniciples outlined in the National strategy?

What will be an ideal response?

Criminal Justice

States with the "guilty but mentally ill" verdict

a. have abolished the insanity defense b. have retained the insanity defense c. consider it identical to the not guilty by reason of insanity verdict d. require the prosecution to prove the defendant was mentally ill

Criminal Justice

Under which of the following electronic monitoring systems does a juvenile probationer wear a transmitter that sends signals to a satellite and back to a computer monitor, pinpointing the offender’s whereabouts at all times?

A) group monitoring unit B) victim notification system C) global positioning system D) identity verification system

Criminal Justice