How is the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) related to tropical monsoon climates?
During the Northern Hemisphere summer in south Asia, for example, the ITCZ moves north onto the Indian subcontinent. Several months later, the moisture-laden summer monsoon is replaced by an outflow of dry air from the Siberian high pressure system that develops over central Asia during winter. The ITCZ shifts to its southernmost position during the winter. During the summer monsoon, uplift associated with the ITCZ is enhanced by orographic uplift as air is forced to rise over the windward side of India's mountains, particularly the Himalayas. This orographic effect produces extremely heavy rainfalls and flooding during the summer monsoon.
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