Variable fetal heart rate decelerations are caused by
a. the presence of me-conium fluid c. umbilical cord com-pression
b. head compression d. the onset of second-stage labor
C
Variable fetal heart rate decelerations are most commonly caused by umbilical cord compression. The presence of meconium fluid is a sign of possible fetal distress, but not specific to fetal heart rate decelerations. Early onset decelerations, not variable ones, are caused by head compression. Although cord compression can occur as the mother pushes during the second stage of labor, this is not the most common cause.
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