The faculty is discussing cardiac output with a student. Which components comprise the cardiac output? (Select all that apply.)
A.
Afterload
B.
Contractility
C.
Heart rate
D.
Hemoglobin
E.
Stroke volume
ANS: A, B, C, E
Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate (CO = SV × HR). Afterload and contractility are components of stroke volume. Hemoglobin is not related to cardiac output but does impact tissue oxygenation.
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