Describe the development of gender constancy
What will be an ideal response?
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, children move through three stages of gender constancy:
1. Gender labeling. By the early preschool years, children can label their own sex and that of others correctly. But when asked such questions as "When you [a girl] grow up, could you ever be a daddy?" or "Could you be a boy if you wanted to?" young children freely answer yes. And when shown a doll whose hairstyle and clothing are transformed before their eyes, children indicate that the doll's sex has changed.
2. Gender stability. Slightly older preschoolers have a partial understanding of the permanence of sex, in that they grasp its stability over time. But even though they know that male and female babies will eventually become boys and girls, and then men and women, they continue to insist that changing hairstyle, clothing, or "gender-appropriate" activities will also change a person's sex.
3. Gender consistency. During the late preschool and early school years, children understand that sex is biologically based and remains the same even if a person dresses in "cross-gender" clothes or engages in nontraditional activities.
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Research on social factors and the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder suggests a role of social support in the etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It was found that veterans
a. who didn't face the embarrassment of being treated as heroes had lower rates of PTSD. b. from units that encouraged independence had lower rates of PTSD. c. who did not receive social support on their return had high rates of PTSD. d. who had high social support through the Veterans Administration still had high rates of PTSD.
Jeremy has chosen post-traumatic stress disorder as his term paper topic. He has gathered all his research material and begun the writing process. However, he is having difficulty writing one section. So, he decides to "sleep on it" and make a fresh start in the morning. By setting aside this writing difficulty, Jeremy is allowing problem-solving to proceed at a subconscious level. This stage of creative thinking is known as
a. incubation. b. illumination. c. preparation. d. verification.
Of the following examples, which best demonstrates a normative history-graded influence that combines to influence functional age?
a) Individuals who have a succession of positive life events b) Individuals who had an active professional career c) Individuals who lived through the Great Depression d) Individuals who party together
Recent research has found that toddlers engage not only in solitary and parallel play, but in ____
a. complicated interpersonal play b. scaffolded play c. communal pretend play d. simple social play