A 10-year-old develops pneumonia. Physical exam reveals subcostal and intercostal retractions. The child reports that breathing is difficult with feelings that, "I cannot get enough air." What term should the nurse use to document this condition?
a. Cyanosis
b. Dyspnea
c. Hyperpnea
d. Orthopnea
ANS: B
Dyspnea is defined as "a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualita-tively distinct sensations that vary in intensity." Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration to the skin. Hyperpnea is an increased ventilatory rate and orthopnea is dyspnea that occurs when an indi-vidual lies flat.
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