Which of the following is NOT a reason that the Supreme Court cited in Ruffin v. Commonwealth of Virginia for what became known as the hands-off doctrine?
A) the Court's lack of expertise in corrections and showing deference to the judgment of prison administrators
B) the status of American prisons as the most fair and efficiently run such institutions in the world
C) the need for separation of powers between the judicial and the executive branches of government
D) a concern that accepting prisoner rights cases would flood the courts with prisoner lawsuits
Answer: B
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During the half-century period in which Edgar Hoover was its director, the F.B.I.:
a. accorded the highest priority to white collar crime b. was concerned mainly with less publicly visible forms of crime c. accorded rather little attention to white collar crime d. was quite unaware of corrupt and improper dealings of various politicians and businessmen
Prison overcrowding and the increase in the percentage of seriously dangerous offenders has led to the creation of the ________ prison
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
A sentencing philosophy that focuses on consistency for a crime committed, specifying by statute or sentencing guidelines an exact amount or narrow range of time to be served in prison or in a community and mandating a minimum amount of time before an offender is eligible (if at all) for release, is known as __________.
a.? indeterminate sentencing b.? parole c.? probation d.? determinate sentencing
Which of the following statements is inaccurate in terms of the empirical research supporting Laub and Sampson's age-graded theory?
a. Criminality appears to be dynamic and is affected by behaviors occurring over the life course. b. People who get involved with the justice system as adolescents may find that their career paths are blocked well into adulthood. c. Criminal career trajectories are impossible to reverse, even if life conditions improve. d. Accumulating social capital reduces crime rates.