Explain how DNA sequencing can be accomplished using dideoxynucleotides. What will be an ideal response?
Four reaction mixtures must be prepared, each containing all of the four deoxynucleotides
(dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP), a small amount of one of the dideoxynucleotides (ddATP,
ddCTP, ddGTP, or ddTTP), a DNA template, DNA polymerase, and radioactively labeled
DNA primers. DNA replication is allowed to proceed in vitro, during which DNA
polymerase copies the DNA template using the deoxynucleotides. Occasionally, a
dideoxynucleotide will be incorporated, thereby terminating the elongation of the newly
synthesized DNA molecule. After the reaction, each tube will contain DNA fragments of
varying lengths; one tube will contain fragments that terminates in ddATP, another tube will
contain fragments that end in ddCTP, etc. The relative position of A, T, C, or G can be
inferred by running these samples in their own lanes on a gel and using autoradiography to
determine their position.
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What special adaptation(s) has/have Thermoplasma evolved to survive in hot acidic environments?
A) Thermoplasma stabilize their cytoplasmic membrane by incorporation of tetraether lipoglycans in the cytoplasmic membrane. B) Thermoplasma have a reinforced cell wall containing basic amino linkers in the peptidoglycan. C) Thermoplasma excrete hydrogen ions and import hydroxyl ions. D) Thermoplasma are highly motile to avoid destruction.
Photographs of cells from onion root tips are often used to show chromosomes primarily because these cells are:
A. diploid. B. rapidly undergoing mitosis. C. rapidly undergoing meiosis. D. in stationary phase. E. lacking organelles.
FISH analysis is likely to detect which type of change in DNA? (Select all that apply.)
A) translocation B) duplication C) deletions D) silent point mutations E) frame shift point mutations
Carotenoids are composed of isoprene subunits
__________________ Indicate whether the statement is true or false.