A patient with a history of smoking is diagnosed with cancer. If applying the cellular mutation theory of cancer to this patient's diagnosis, the nurse realizes that smoking impacted which stage?
1. promotion
2. initiation
3. progression
4. replication
Correct Answer: 1
The theory of cellular mutation suggests that there are agents that cause mutations in cellular DNA that transforms cells into cancer cells. These agents are called carcinogens and it is believed that the carcinogenic process has three stages: initiation, promotion, and progression. The initiation stage involves permanent damage in the cellular DNA as a result of exposure to a carcinogen that was not repaired or had a defective repair. Promotion may last for years and includes conditions, such as smoking or alcohol use, that act repeatedly on the already affected cells. In the progression stage further inherited changes acquired during the cell replication develop into a cancer. Replication is not a stage in the mutation theory of cancer.
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A client is brought to a health care facility for treatment of a bleeding cut. The client was injured by a sharp knife. How can the nurse most accurately describe the client's wound?
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Testing reveals that a patient's myocardial infarction (MI) damaged the papillary muscles of the mitral valve. The nurse plans care based on the knowledge that the patient is at high risk for which complication?
1. Extension of the myocardial damage 2. Catastrophic left heart failure 3. Pulmonary edema from right heart failure 4. Pulmonary embolism from clots in the left atrium
The nurse is weighing an infant during a well-care visit. The nurse weighs the child in kilograms but the client's parents ask what the weight is in pounds and ounces. The nurse calculates the weight based on which conversion?
1. One kilogram equals 2.2 pounds. 2. One kilogram equals 3.2 pounds. 3. One kilogram equals 1.2 pounds. 4. One kilogram equals 0.45 pounds.