What is the creatinine clearance test? How can it be used to estimate GFR? How accurate is it?
This test relies on measuring total creatinine excreted in the urine in 24 hours and measuring the plasma concentration of creatinine. Since essentially none of the filtered load is returned to bloodstream, the amount in the urine relates directly to the volume of blood that filtered in the glomeruli. GFR can be calculated by dividing creatinine excretion rate (mg/hr) by plasma concentration of creatinine (g/dL) to get the GFR in dL/hour, from which the per-minute rate is calculated by dividing by 60. The test is not entirely accurate because up to 15 percent of the excreted creatinine enters the urine by tubular secretion.
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Describe the pulmonary circuit
A) The pulmonary circuit consists of the vasculature in the lungs. B) The pulmonary circuit transports blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries in the lungs, and pulmonary veins and returns it to the left atrium. C) The pulmonary circuit transports blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the body from the left ventricle to the right atrium. D) The pulmonary circuit transports blood from the left ventricle through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries in the lungs, and pulmonary veins and returns it to the right atrium. E) The pulmonary circuit transports blood from the left ventricle through the pulmonary veins, capillaries in the lungs, and pulmonary arteries and returns it to the right atrium.
Which has the greater concentration of hydrogen ions, a substance with a pH of 5 or a substance with a pH of 4?
A) A pH of 4 is greater. B) A pH of 5 is greater. C) They are both equal; 4 and 5 are relative values. D) pH 9, if you mixed the solutions. E) There is not enough information to determine the answer.
Which of these muscles is correctly matched with its type of fascicle orientation
A) Pectoralis major- pennate B) transversus abdominus- Circular C) Deltoid- Multipennate D) biceps brachii- parallel E) orbicularis - parallel
In hyperpolarization
A. K+ ions tend to diffuse out of the cell. B. the plasma membrane's permeability to K+ decreases. C. the resting membrane potential moves closer to zero. D. Na+ ions enter the cell in large numbers. E. the resting membrane potential becomes more positive.